sociology pt3
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Study Smart Tips for sociology pt3
Master these concepts using proven study techniques that actually work:
Active Recall
Test yourself before flipping each card to strengthen memory retention
Spaced Repetition
Review difficult cards more frequently than easy ones
Multiple Sessions
Break study time into shorter, focused sessions
Explain Aloud
Verbalize answers to reinforce understanding
Questions Covered in This Set
65 cards to master
What is education?
The process through which academic social and cultural skills are developed
What is human capital?
Skills knowledge and experience that can generate economic value
How can people invest in human capital?
Through college night classes or learning a trade
What is the hidden curriculum?
Unspoken rules values and norms learned in school outside formal academics
What is the role of schools?
Educate socialize and transmit values beliefs and norms
What does conflict theory say about schools?
They act as sorting machines that reproduce inequality
What did the Coleman Report conclude?
Student outcomes are shaped more by large racial and economic than school resources
What is tracking?
Dividing students into classes based on ability or future plans, Intends to foster better learning environment, by putting students on track to match their goals
What are benefits of the college track?
Higher achievement graduation rates and college attendance
What are benefits of the vocational track?
Lower unemployment and preparation for skilled labor
What are drawbacks of tracking?
General track students aren't prepared for vocational/college, track determines life chances
Who is more likely in higher tracks?
Privileged and white students
What is social capital?
Networks and connections that help access opportunities
How do private and public schools compare?
Private schools especially Catholic perform better academically
What is the school to prison pipeline?
School suspension leads to later incarceration Discipline can shape long-term outcomes
What is credentialism?
Emphasis on degrees as signals of status or qualification
What are limitations of the SAT?
Sat only predicts college outcomes accurately if you’re white Score correlated with race, ethnicity, class Prediction power of sat stems from correlation between test scores and family background
What is socioeconomic status?
Position based on income education and occupation
What is cultural capital?
Nonfinacial assets, such as education, intellect, style of speed, dress, that promotes social mobility and success
What is stereotype threat?
Fear of confirming negative stereotypes about ones group
What is religion?
System of beliefs and practices around sacred things, Set of shared stories that guides belief and actions, Shapes social behavior by setting expectations, distinguish right/wrong
What is sacred vs profane?
Sacred is holy and set apart profane is ordinary
How did Marx view religion?
Argued thar religion was used to keep workers from questioning their oppressed position in everyday life, by promising riches in the afterlife
What did Weber argue?
Protestantism supports capitalism through work ethic, spending it on pleasure and personal thing aren't allowed
What did Durkheim say about religion?
Function of religion is to promote social unity or solidarity by strengthening the collective conscience (with reliiogus force)
What is pluralism?
Coexistence of diverse religious groups
What is the sacred canopy?
Religious framework giving life meaning and order
What is a church?
Low tension mainstream religious organization, world affirming
What is a sect?
High tension group often attracting marginalized people, Downplay worldly pleasure by stressing otherworldly promises, become churches if big enough
What is a cult?
Make new claim about supernatural, High tension, antagonize social world, antagonised by some, does not fit well in sect-church cycle, some are successful, some destroy themselves
What is global warming?
Rising global temperature due to greenhouse gases
What is anthropogenic climate change?
Climate change caused by human activity
What is the Anthropocene?
Era defined by human impact on Earth
What is sociology of disaster?
Study of social processes that's compressed since it's shorter during disasters
What is medicalization?
Defining social problems as medical issues, Tends to overlook social factors that go beyond treatment
What is morbidity?
Presence of illness
What is mortality?
Incidence of death
What is epigenetics?
Environmental influence on gene expression
What is social determinants theory?
Social status influences health outcomes
What is the sick role?
Rights: exempt from normal social roles, not responsible for their condition obligation: must try to get well, must seek competent help wnd follow medical advice
What is social construction of illness?
Illness shaped by social and cultural meaning aside from biological
What is intersectionality?
Overlapping identities shaping inequality
What is life course theory?
Early experiences influence later outcomes
What is collective action?
Group behavior that challenges norms
What is a social movement?
Organized effort to create or resist change
What is convergence theory?
Like minded people gather and act together, pros: consist of likeminded people, can occur without much planning, cons: Inconsistency of group actions
What is contagion theory?
people’s tendency to conform to behavior of others whom they are in close contact (peer pressure), pros: Emotional escalation Rapid spread of behavior in crowd, cons: Downplay agency individually Inconsistency of group actions
What is emergent norm theory?
Emphasizes influences of keynoters in promoting new behavioral norms, pros: Keynoters = leaders they’re just the first to react oftenly, whose behavior sets standard, cons: checkdoc
What are stages of social movements?
Emergence coalescence institutionalization
What is framing?
How movements present issues to gain support
gendered racism
a distinct, intersecting form of oppression where racism and sexism combine to create unique injustices for people of color, particularly women, based on intertwined racial and gender stereotypes
• Alternative social movements
limited societal change, specific people
• Redemptive social movements
radical societal change, specific people
• Reformative social movements
limited societal change, entire society
• Revolutionary social movements
radical societal change, entire society
• Value-added theory
just check the doc
• Classical model
When disruptions reaches certain threshold, gives rise to social movement, thus it is a respond to structural strain
• Resource-mobilization theory
Actors maek rational cost-benefits calculation before joining a social movement
• Political process model
Most dominant, succeed not just through grievances, need favorable political opportunities, strong mobilizing structures, and effective framing align, Cons Downplay cultural emotional compoentns
o Emergence
When problem is first identified
o Coalescence
Resource become mobilized (concrete action is taken
o Routinization or institutionalization
Institutionalized and a formal structure develops to promote the cause
o Diagnostic
Social problem that’s stated in a clear, easily understood manner
o Prognostic
Social movements that state clear solutions, means of implementation
o Motivational
Call to action