Acids, Bases, Gases, and Energy Changes
Review pH, acid-base neutralization, the gas laws, and enthalpy calculations from the final chemistry lesson.
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Questions Covered in This Set
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What is an acid (in terms of H⁺)?
A substance that donates hydrogen ions (H⁺) when dissolved in water; tastes sour, reacts with metals, turns litmus red.
What is a base?
A substance that accepts H⁺ ions (or, in the Arrhenius view, releases OH⁻ ions); tastes bitter, feels slippery, turns litmus blue.
What is the formula for pH, and what is neutral pH?
pH = −log[H⁺]. Pure water has [H⁺] = 1 × 10⁻⁷ M, so pH = 7 (neutral). Also, pH + pOH = 14.
Why is lemon juice at pH 2 a thousand times more acidic than coffee at pH 5?
pH is a logarithmic scale — each pH unit is a factor of 10, so 3 units = 10³ = 1,000 times.
What is the general equation for neutralization?
Acid + base → salt + water (a double-replacement reaction), e.g., HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H₂O.
State the combined gas law.
P₁V₁/T₁ = P₂V₂/T₂, with temperature always in kelvins (K = °C + 273).
Name the three simple gas laws and what is held constant in each.
Boyle's (T constant): P₁V₁ = P₂V₂; Charles's (P constant): V₁/T₁ = V₂/T₂; Gay-Lussac's (V constant): P₁/T₁ = P₂/T₂.
What is the ideal gas law and the value of R?
PV = nRT, with R = 0.0821 L·atm/(mol·K). One mole of any gas occupies 22.4 L at STP (0 °C, 1 atm).
Compare exothermic and endothermic reactions.
Exothermic: ΔH negative, releases heat, container feels hot (combustion). Endothermic: ΔH positive, absorbs heat, container feels cold (cold packs, photosynthesis).
What is q = mcΔT used for?
Calculating heat transferred with no phase change; c for water is 4.18 J/g·°C. Ex: 100 g water raised 30 °C → 100 × 4.18 × 30 = 12,540 J ≈ 12.5 kJ.
